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Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common, chronic, and progressive degenerative disease in dogs and cats that causes joint pain and decreased mobility. It occurs when the protective cartilage within a joint breaks down, leading to bone-on-bone contact. This results in progressive joint deterioration, inflammation, pain, stiffness, and difficulty using the affected joint(s).
The severity of clinical signs can vary from mild to severe, depending on the underlying cause, the number of joints affected, and how long the condition has been present. While OA is often associated with aging, it can occur in pets of any age.
Pets with certain orthopedic conditions are at an increased risk of developing OA due to chronic, repetitive stress on the joints. These conditions include:
In addition to orthopedic disease and age-related wear and tear, obesity is one of the most significant risk factors for early-onset arthritis. Excess weight places additional stress on joints, and it has been shown that skinny dogs have less OA and a longer life expectancy. Regular physical activity is very important for maintaining both an ideal weight and good mental health. If you are having problems with weight issues in your pet, please reach out to your veterinarian, so they can help you.
Body Condition Score (BCS) charts can help determine whether your pet is underweight, at a healthy weight, or overweight.
If you and your veterinarian think it’s time to talk about OA in your pet, the following information will help break down the options that are available. Dogs and cats require different treatment plans, so remember that it is always important to talk to your veterinarian about what is best for your pet’s individual needs.
Dogs:
Cats (often more subtle):
Early intervention is critical to slowing disease progression. OA is diagnosed through a combination of:
During the exam, veterinarians may detect pain, stiffness, or a “crunching” sensation (crepitus) in the joints. Imaging can reveal joint fluid buildup and bone changes.
The goals of treatment are to:
Most treatment plans involve a multimodal approach, tailored to each individual pet. Always consult your veterinarian to determine the best plan.
Maintaining a lean body condition is the cornerstone of OA management and prevention. Regular, appropriate exercise supports both weight control and mental well-being.
Physical therapy helps improve flexibility, strength, and endurance. Techniques may include:
These therapies also include low-impact exercise options, such as swimming and controlled walking.
These supplements aim to reduce inflammation and support cartilage health. They are the most effective in the early stages of disease and are not a substitute for pain medication. Note that they are not regulated like prescription drugs.
Fish oil supplements provide anti-inflammatory benefits and may help slow cartilage breakdown. Additional benefits include improved skin/coat health and support for heart and kidney function.
NSAIDs are a cornerstone of OA treatment, helping to reduce pain and inflammation. However, they may have side effects that affect the liver, kidneys, or gastrointestinal tract, so they must be used under veterinary supervision.
Additional medications to help manage OA pain may include:
These are often used in combination with other therapies.
These are monthly injections that target nerve growth factor (NGF), a key component in chronic pain. Your veterinarian can help determine if these options are appropriate for your pet.
Although osteoarthritis is progressive, it is generally manageable. With appropriate treatment, many pets can maintain a good quality of life for years.
Because every pet responds differently, treatment plans should be individualized. If you have concerns about osteoarthritis, consult your primary care veterinarian for guidance.
