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There are numerous conditions that may result in a patient presenting with gastrointestinal signs. In an otherwise healthy patient with an acute presentation of GI symptoms, it is impractical to perform a full diagnostic work-up to rule out all possible conditions. In these cases, radiographs are a great place to start the diagnostic process.
The most basic utility of radiographs in a vomiting patient is to determine whether medical management or urgent surgical intervention is indicated. In cases where radiographs do not provide a clear answer between medical or surgical management, they may also help guide further diagnostics, including specific bloodwork, abdominocentesis, or additional imaging studies (i.e., ultrasound and contrast radiography).
When taking abdominal radiographs, it is always incredibly important to take three views: a right lateral, a left lateral, and a ventrodorsal view. This is crucial because gas and fluid may redistribute between views in such a way that a significant lesion may only be clearly appreciable on a single view. For example, a left lateral view is sometimes the only view where a gastric outflow obstruction may be appreciated. This is because the gastric antrum and pylorus are right-sided, so on a left lateral view, they have the potential to fill with gas, which may highlight foreign material. On a right lateral view, the gastric antrum and pylorus are often filled with fluid, which may obscure foreign material. One exception to the “three views” rule would be a patient with clinical signs highly suggestive of gastric dilatation-volvulus, as described later in this article.
Veterinarians often encounter concerned pet owners who bring their puppies in with alarming symptoms such as severe facial swelling, fever, and pustules. One condition that can cause these symptoms is called “puppy strangles,” or juvenile cellulitis. While this condition can be alarming for both owners and puppies, it’s important to know that with prompt veterinary care, puppies can recover fully. Here’s a brief overview of puppy strangles, how they affect your puppy, and what can be done to help.
What Is Puppy Strangles?
Puppy strangles, medically known as juvenile cellulitis or sterile granulomatous dermatitis and lymphadenitis, is a rare and unusual immune system disorder that typically affects puppies between 3 weeks and 6 months. The condition is characterized by inflammation of the skin, often seen around the face, neck, and ears. It causes the puppy’s lymph nodes under the jaw to become swollen and may develop pustules (pus-filled bumps) on the skin. In severe cases, the skin can ulcerate, forming crusts, and the puppy may experience fever and/or loss of appetite.
What Causes Puppy Strangles?
While the exact cause of puppy strangles is still not fully understood, it is believed to be an autoimmune disorder. This means the puppy’s immune system mistakenly targets its own body, causing inflammation in the skin and surrounding areas. Some researchers suggest that an environmental trigger, such as bacteria or viruses, could potentially initiate the immune response, but genetics may also play a role.
Signs to Watch For
The signs of puppy strangles can vary, but they generally start with:
If you notice these symptoms in your puppy, it is important to contact your veterinarian immediately for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosing puppy strangles is primarily based on clinical signs and the exclusion of other potential causes for the symptoms. A veterinarian may perform skin scrapings or biopsies, although these are not always necessary if the clinical presentation is clear. Blood tests may also be used to evaluate overall health and rule out infections or other conditions.
Fortunately, puppy strangles can be treated effectively with medication. Corticosteroids, such as prednisone, are commonly prescribed to reduce inflammation and control the immune response. In some cases, antibiotics may be recommended if there is a secondary bacterial infection. With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, most puppies recover fully, and the condition does not cause long-term issues.
Caring for Your Puppy During Recovery
While your puppy is undergoing treatment, there are a few things you can do to make them more comfortable:
Is Puppy Strangles Preventable?
Unfortunately, puppy strangles is not a condition that can be easily prevented, as it is likely tied to genetic or immune system factors. However, early detection and treatment are key to a successful recovery. It is important to maintain regular vet visits for vaccinations, parasite control, and general health checks to ensure your puppy’s well-being during their formative months.
Final Thoughts
Although puppy strangles is a concerning condition, it is treatable, and most puppies make a full recovery with the right veterinary care. As always, if you have any concerns about your puppy’s health or notice any signs of illness, don’t hesitate to contact your veterinarian for guidance. Early intervention is the best way to ensure your puppy grows up happy, healthy, and thriving.
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